lesson1_classwork

**Semiotics ** began to become a major approach to cultural studies in the late 1960s, partly as a result of the work of **Roland Barthes**. Barthes declared that “//semiology aims to take in any system of signs: images, gestures, musical sounds, objects, and the complex associations of all of these//”. Whilst Roland Barthes declared that 'perhaps we must invert Saussure's formulation and assert that semiology is a branch of linguistics', others have accepted Saussure's location of linguistics within semiotics (Barthes 1985, xi). However, even if we theoretically locate linguistics within semiotics it is difficult to avoid adopting the linguistic model in exploring other sign systems. Semioticians commonly refer to **films**, **television** and **radio programmes**, **advertising posters** and so on as **'texts'**, and to **'reading television'** (Fiske, John & John Hartley (1978): Reading Television. London: Methuen ) .
 * Semiology and Linguistics **

by Olga Kaptieva

“Linguistic problems is first and foremost semiological”

Linguistics is only one branch of semiotics.

As an approach to textual analysis, semiotics treats the language of which texts are composed as a system of signs and symbols, which convey meaning to the reader.

“By considering rites, customs etc. as signs, it will be possible //to see linguistic problems in a new perspective//. The need will be felt to consider them as semiological phenomena and to explain them in terms of the laws of semiology, as **the laws which** **semiology discovers are laws applicable in linguistics**” (Ferdinand de Saussure).

by Galanova Tanya

by Ekaterina Zemlyanuchina

**Terminology **

=
**Ferdinand de Saussure** (//Saussure, Ferdinand de: Course in General Linguistics)// defines the term „ ** semiology ** “ as __science which studies the role of signs as part of social life__. Semiology investigates the __nature of signs__ and __the laws governing them__. ======

__Linguistics is only one branch__ of this general science. The laws which semiology discovers are laws applicable in linguistics.

by Nastya Abaikina //(This is based on the quotation "Semiology and Linguistics (1)")//

**The laws of semiology or linguistics?**
====As an approach to textual analysis, **semiotics** treats the language of which **texts are composed as a system of signs and symbols**, which convey meaning to the reader. **Linguistics**, the scientific study of language, is only **one branch** of this general science and has seen a quite extraordinary expansion.====

====If one wishes to discover the true nature of language systems, one must first consider what they have in common with all other systems of the same kind... In this way, light will be thrown not only upon the linguistic problem. **By considering rites, customs etc. as signs**, it will be possible, we believe, to see them in a new perspective. The need will be felt to consider them as **semiological phenomena** and to explain them in terms of the **laws of semiology**."====

//Ferdinand de Saussure//
by K. Romasheva ** Semiotic **
 * Charles Peirce ** defined “**semiotic**” as the "quasi-necessary, or **formal doctrine of signs**", which abstracts "what must be the characters of all signs used by...an intelligence capable of learning by experience", and which is philosophical logic pursued in terms of signs and sign processes.


 * Charles Morris ** followed Peirce in using the term "**semiotic**" and in **extending the discipline** beyond human communication to animal learning and use of signals.


 * Saussure's term, 'semiology' ** is sometimes used to refer to the Saussurean tradition, whilst '**semiotics**' sometimes refers to the **Peircean tradition**, but that nowadays the term **'semiotics' is more likely to be used as an umbrella term to embrace the whole field.**

by S.Kalashnikova  //Ferdinand de Saussure ([1916] 1983): Course in General Linguistics (trans. Roy Harris). London: Duckworth// "semiology" defines a place of linguistics in the field of human knowledge  It is... possible to conceive of a science which studies the role of **__signs__** as part of social life. It would form part of social psychology, and hence of general psychology. We shall call it **__semiology__** (from the Greek semeion, 'sign').  It would investigate the nature of signs and the laws governing them.  Since it does not yet exist, one cannot say for certain that it will exist. But it has a right to exist, a place ready for it in advance. **__Linguistics __**is only one branch of this general science. **//The laws which semiology will discover will be laws applicable in linguistics, and linguistics will thus be assigned to a clearly defined place in the field of human knowledge.//** **//Elena Men'shikova//**
 * Semiology and Linguistics (2) **


 * <span style="color: #000033; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;">Semiotics **<span style="color: #000033; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">began to become a major approach to cultural studies in the **late 1960s**, partly as a result of the work of **Roland Barthes**.

<span style="color: #000033; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Barthes declared that “**semiology aims to take in any system of signs: images, gestures, musical sounds, objects, and the complex associations of all of these”.**

<span style="color: #000033; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Whilst Roland Barthes declared that 'perhaps we must invert Saussure's formulation and assert that __semiology is a branch of linguistics'__, others have accepted Saussure's __location of linguistics within semiotics__ (Barthes 1985, xi). However, even if we theoretically locate linguistics within semiotics it is difficult to avoid adopting the linguistic model in exploring other sign systems.
 * <span style="color: #000033; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Semioticians **<span style="color: #000033; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">commonly refer to
 * <span style="color: #000033; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">films,
 * <span style="color: #000033; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">television
 * <span style="color: #000033; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">radio programmes,
 * <span style="color: #000033; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">advertising posters
 * <span style="color: #000033; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">so on as 'texts',
 * <span style="color: #000033; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">'reading television' (Fiske, John & John Hartley (1978): Reading Television. London: Methuen ).

<span style="color: #000033; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 27px;">Gordeyeva Katya.

<span style="color: #000033; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"> As an approach to textual analysis, semiotics treats the language of which texts are composed as a system of __signs__ and __symbols__, which convey meaning to the reader. **<span style="color: #000033; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"> Linguistics **<span style="color: #000033; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">, the scientific study of language, is only one branch of this general science and has seen a quite extraordinary expansion. <span style="color: #000033; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"> "The laws which semiology will discover will be laws applicable in linguistics... As far as we are concerned... the linguistic problem is first and foremost __semiological__... If one wishes to discover the true nature of language systems, one must first consider what they have in common with all other systems of the same kind... In this way, light will be thrown not only upon the linguistic problem. <span style="color: #000033; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;"> By considering rites, customs etc. __as signs__, it will be possible, we believe, to see them in a new perspective. The need will be felt **to consider them as semiological phenomena and to explain them in terms of the laws of semiology**."Ferdinand de Saussure. By G. Akhatova "semiotic" <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000033; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">In the nineteenth century, __Charles Peirce__ (pronounced 'purse') defined what he termed "__**semiotic**__" as the "quasi-necessary, or formal doctrine of signs", which abstracts "what must be the characters of all signs used by...an intelligence capable of learning by experience", and which is philosophical logic pursued in terms of signs and sign processes.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000033; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">__Charles Morris__ followed Peirce in using the term "__**semiotic**__" and in extending the discipline beyond human communication to animal learning and use of signals. Note that Saussure's term, '__**semiology**__' is sometimes used to refer to the Saussurean tradition, whilst '__**semiotics**__' sometimes refers to the Peircean tradition, but that nowadays the term '**semiotics' is more likely to be used as an umbrella term to embrace the whole field**.