Assignment7_posts

__**By Ekaterina Melnikova **__

1. Irony (based on binary opposition: men and women, more irony in this guy’s ‘girly’ drinks and desserts). 2. Metonymy (dark avatar is closely associated with the man with dark skin and dark clothes). 3. Metaphor (one signifiedisa signifier referring to a different signified). 4. Metaphor (one signifiedisa signifier referring to a different signified). 5. Irony (binary opposition: avatar is blond, strong and well-built, the guy has dark hair and not slim body). 6. Irony (binary opposition: well-built avatar and not muscular guy). 7. Metaphor (similarity here is stronger than the only one opposition in their hair). 8. Irony (binary opposition: healthy, well-protected avatar and invalid boy, who needs protection). 9.Metonymy (the whole image of the avatar is very similar to the girl’s image, but there are some different things, so they are just closely associated). 10.Metonymy (association in their pose, atmosphere in the room, same religion). 11. Metaphor (almost identical). 12. Irony (binary opposition: not slim woman with kids and her avatar is an independent, slim girl). 13. Metaphor (almost identical clothes, pose, background, appearance). 14. Irony (binary opposition: bald man with dark skin and Asian woman). 15. Metonymy (connection between them is their pose, haircut and the way they look). 16. Metaphor (almost identical pose, colours, a lot of details like sunglasses and haircut).

__**By Ekaterina Zemlyanuchina **__ I think, that we have an irony in that cases, where we have binary oppositions (it could be binary opposition man – woman, slim, sportive person – fat person and etc.). Metaphor is shown in such cases, when we have s strong assosiation of a person and his avatar.The best example is picture №3 or №4. Synecdoche is a substitution of part for whole, genus for species or vice versa, we can clearly see it in pictures 14 and 15 (woman from picture №14 has the same oval of face, the same features, in the next picture the woman has the same hairstyle as her avatar). Metonomy is the evocation of the whole by a connection. So, we need to find a strong connection between two people. I would like to note, that sometimes it is very difficult to correlate picture only with one trope. For example, I suppose, that pictures 14 and 15 show irony, which is based on binary opposition man – woman, though it could be also a synecdoche (I have discussed it in the previous point).
 * 1) Irony.
 * 2) Metonomy
 * 3) Metaphor
 * 4) Metaphor
 * 5) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Irony
 * 6) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Irony
 * 7) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Metaphor
 * 8) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Irony
 * 9) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Metaphor
 * 10) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Metonomy
 * 11) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Metonomy
 * 12) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Irony
 * 13) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Metaphor
 * 14) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Irony/ synecdoche
 * 15) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Irony / synecdoche
 * 16) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Metaphor
 * <span style="color: #000033; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Connotation **<span style="color: #000033; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">. I suppose, that the main connotation of using irony is a desire to look like person’s avatar, to make people believe, that person is other or to show the habitude of mind. When people don’t want to represent them as superheroes or something like that, they can use metaphor, metaphor is used, when people in virtual and real life are identical. I think, that synecdoche is very close to irony, person also wants to represent him in another way, but leave one significant feature (ex: hairstyle). Metonymy is understandable because of a connection (pose, impression and so on). So, we can make sequence from less abstract to more abstract: metaphor – metonymy – synecdoche – irony.

__**<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">By Anastasita Bondarchuk **__

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1. Irony (binary opposition: male - female, <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">fat – slim, <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">light clothes - dark clothes, dark hair - blond hair; but this boy wants to be like a girl, he eats ice cream and drinks a cocktail. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Metonymy (s <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">ubstitution: dark skin - dark clothes). <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3, 4. Metaphor (re <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">al person and his avatar are identical, they have the same <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">appearance) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">5. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Irony (binary opposition: fat boy with dark hair and strong man with blond hair) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">6. Metaphor (the same poses and emotions. This boy wants to be a superhero, he also have something like costume) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">7. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Metaphor (the same pose, smile and look). Irony (binary opposition: dark hair - blond hair) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">8. Irony (disabled boy - strong robot). Metaphor (they both have additional equipment) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">9, 10. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Metonymy (poses are the same. They refer to the whole image) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">11. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Metaphor (the same relationships and poses) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">12. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Irony (binary opposition: thick woman with children - slim girl children <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">13. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Metaphor (the woman and her avatar are identical, the same clothes, the same pose, the same landscape) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">14. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Irony (binary opposition: white woman with dark hair - black bald man) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">15. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Metonymy (the element of connection is hairstyle). Irony (binary opposition: woman with dark hair –man with blond hair) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">16. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Metaphor (the same pose)

__**By Nastya Abaikina**__

1. Irony. There is obvious opposition boy/girl. However, we can notice some features of metaphor. Looking at man and his avatar we can find something similar. The boy looks pretty friendly with a smile as well as his character has a smile on her face. 2. Metonymy. Here we can see relatedness through direct association – colour of skin of the man and dark clothes of his character. 3. 4. Metaphor. There is similarity between the real man and his character and it is explicit in the case of simile. 5. Irony. Here we see thick boy with short dark hair and his avatar is pretty different. His character is muscular man with long blond hair. So, we can notice the opposite. 6. Metaphor. We see similarity despite the difference between the real man and his avatar. The man is weaker than his character but at the same time we see the same poses and facial expressions of both. 7. Metaphor. Again, we see the similarity except for only one feature. The real person and his hero have the same facial expressions but there is difference between their colour of hair. 8. Irony. Here we see invalid boy and his character who is healthy, very strong and has iron suit. It’s the opposition. 9. Metonymy. There is relatedness through direct association here – pose of the real person and his character. 10. Metonymy. Here we can see, again, the same element of connection –pose. It refers to the whole image. However, it can be metaphor because we see the similarity in pose but there are some differences between the real man and his avatar. The man has hair and he is not muscular. His hero is bald and pretty muscular. 11. Metaphor. Real people and their characters have the same relations despite they look different. 12. Irony. The real woman is different from her avatar because of the opposition. This thick woman has children but her character is young slim girl without children. 13. Metaphor. The woman and her hero are practically similar (the same pose, the same clothes). 14. Irony. Here there is the difference between the real person and the avatar. It’s the opposition: white woman and black man. 15. Metonymy. The element of connection is hair. It refers to the whole image. 16. Metaphor. Here we can notice similarity despite difference. These people and their characters have the same pose but they look different.

__**By Nastya Khokhlova**__

1. Irony (binary opposition boy and girl.) 2. Metonymy (dark skin and black clothes substitutes whole image) 3, 4. Metaphor (real person and hero are identical, picture as signifier for two signified) 5. Irony (binary opposition: fat boy and slim adult) 6. Irony (binary opposition: strong – weak) 7. Metaphor (similarities in pose and smile), Irony (binary opposition: dark hair - blonde hair) 8. Irony (binary opposition: invalid boy and powerful robot) 9, 10. Metonymy. (pose refers to the whole image) 11. Metaphor (relation to spatial organization) 12. Irony. (binary opposition: thick woman with children- slim girl without children) 13. Metaphor (real person and hero are identical) 14. Irony. (binary opposition: white woman - black bald man) 15. Metonymy (hair style refers to the whole image) Irony. (binary opposition: the woman - the man) 16. Metaphor (relation to spatial organization)

__**By Irina Shemelin**__

1. Irony (an adult men who drinks cocktail and coquettishly smiles appears as an young thin girl) 2. Metonymy 3. Metaphor (a men in black and his avatar are identical) 4. Metaphor (the same) 5. Irony (young fat boy and physically fit adult men) 6. Irony (slim and pale boy and muscular men) 7. Metaphor (young girls, long hair, similar poses) + irony (binary opposition: dark hair – white hair) 8. Irony (sick, thin boy and sturdy robot) 9. Metaphor (similar poses) + irony (binary opposition: dark hair – white hair, swarthy skin – white skin) 10. Metaphor (similar poses) 11. Metaphor (the same) 12. Irony (adult woman with overweight, with children and slim beautiful girl) 13. Metaphor (the same poses, colors of clothes, length and color of hair) 14. Irony (pale woman and swarthy men) 15. Metaphor (similar poses, hairstyles) 16. Metaphor (the same).

__**By Kseniya Romasheva**__

1. Irony. It's based on binary opposition that can easily be found here - boy/girl. The ice cream is an interesting detail which intensifies the effect of this opposition. 2. Metonymy. Here we see a negro and his avatar in black outfit. It means a substituiton of the whole. 3. and 4. Metaphor. The real man and his avatar are identical; one signified acts as a signifier referring to a different signified <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000033; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">.

5. Irony. Binary opposition: fat yong boy and slim adult. 6. Irony. Binary opposition: weak boy and strong man. 7. Irony. Binary opposition: dark-haired girl - blonde girl. But it also can be a metaphor because we can find similarities in pose and smile. 8. Irony. Binary opposition: invalid boy and healthy man. The iron equipment symbolizies strengths so it has an additional effect. 9. Metonymy. The connection is the pose. 10. Metonymy. I want to use the definition of metonymy to prove my point of view: "M etonymy is the evocation of the whole by a connection." In this case the element of connection is a pose. Also there's binary opposition: bearded man with hair on his head and beardless bald man. So, this is the irony. 11. Metaphor. We have strong association of the avatar with a real people in the picture. 12. Irony. Binary opposition: thick woman with a child sitting in the chair - slim girl without child who's standing on her feet. 13. Metaphor. The same clothes, the same pose, the woman and her avatar are almost identical. 14. Irony. Binary opposition: whaite woman - black bald man. 15. Synecdoche. The same hairstyle refers to the whole image. Irony. Binary opposition: the woman - the man. 16. Synecdoche. The same hairstyle refers to the whole image. Metaphor - the same pose.

__**By Kseniya Makeeva**__

The first pictucture is irony, because the boy wanted to be as a girl, eating ice-creame, drinking coctail, so it has binary opposition boy and girl. The second picture is metonomy, because it has one feature - dark skin and black clothes. The third and the fourth pictures there are metaphor, because these pictures are signifier for two signified – real person and hero in the game and they have much common. The next picture is irony, because binary opposition is fat and strong. Then I think the picture is irony again, because the binary opposition is weak and strong. The next picture is metaphor, because the signified have similar features - the hair’s colour. Then, the picture is irony, because it has the binary opposition is weak strong. The next two pictures(9 and 10) are metonymy, because they have the similar element (pose) which refer to the whole image. The Eleventh picture is metonymy, because they stay in one pose, and I think it can be a metaphor, because they have the same relationships. The next is irony, because the binary opposition is fat - slim. The next is metaphore, because they have the one feature - the same clothe and pose. The next picture is irone, the binary opposition is man-woman. The next is metonymy, because it has one features - hair style. And the last is metaphor, because they are similar to each other.

__**By Ekaterina Gordeyeva**__

Let’s start our analysis with the pictures NAME Jean-Francois de la Fage, NAME Ailin Graef, NAME Kimberly Rufer-Bach. All these avatar are icons: a mode in which the signifier is perceived as resembling or imitating the signified. Visual metaphors are implied as a consequence of analyzing the relationships between the formal structures and subject matter of works of art. In these avatars we have the same shapes, colors of the clothes, as real people have. As for colors, they are different for each avatar. The first is a man in a black costume. This color gives additional value because of its intensity. It creates a mystery. We have an impression of spy. The second avatar, on the contrary, creates harmony, because of the white color and flowers.The third avatar is neutral. It has calm colors(brown and blue)they are cold, we can see this avatar, standing near ice rocks. I find ironic the following avatars: NAME Andreas Fischer, NAME Choi Seang Rak, NAME Lucas Shaw. In the terms of modes of signs they can be symbols. The signifier of the ironic sign seems to signify one thing but we know from another signifier that it actually signifies something very different. The avatars, which were chosen are conventional: strong men and beautiful girl. But the real people are different from these avatars, they are opposite. Two men –one is very weak and slim, the second is overweight have chosen strong, handsome men for their avatars. The chinese man has an avatar of pretty girl, which is unexpected for us. The rest of the avatars are indexical because the signifier is not arbitrary but is directly connected in some way (physically or causally) to the signified. Metonymy is used here for creation of avatars. __By Gulya Akhatova__ Rhetorical tropes are also acceptable to graphics.

In the first picture we can recognize the distinction between real people and his avatar. From the photo of him, we can get he prefers looking and behaving as girl, because he is eating ice-cream, drinking some coktail in the photo, in other words he wants to look as girl. That's why he choise female avatar.I think here is irony, because there is binary opposition (boy-girl).

In the second picture there arenreal people and his avatar that can fly. I couldn't define the type of rhetorical trope

In third picture the man chose the avatar which looks more muscular and stronger. I think here is irony again, because there are binary opposition in power.

The fourth woman put more beautiful and attractive avatar than herself. In my opinion here is metonymy. One signified is put to stand for another signified which is directly related to it or closely associated with it in some way. The woman and her avatar are really look similarly

The fat boy chose slimmer and older avatar. Here is irony.

I suppose, The seventh and the eighth persons and their avatars stay in the similar situation. And I defined metonymy because of closely association of real people and their avatarsin some way.

The most interesting situation with the ninth person. We can recognise that the little boy has serious illness. I didn't find some common features between him and his avatar. Probably, the boy created his dream in his avatar. So I think here is irony. __By Kalashnikova Svetlana__ When I was doing this task, I used the table of the four tropes with some linguistic examples. I understand __Metaphor__ as __ Similarity despite difference (explicit in the case of //simile//), __ __Metonymy__ as __Relatedness through direct association,__ __Synecdoche__ as __Relatedness through categorical hierarchy__ and __Irony__ as __Inexplicit direct opposite.__ I have tried to understand how and in what way person and his avatar correspond. When I defined the ratios between persons and their avatars I can suppose what rhetorical tropes have been used. Men’shikova Elena 1. Irony (opposition: boy and girl) / metaphor (they have something common, eg, this boy likes ice-cream as a girl) 2. Metonymy (one feature – dark skin and black clothes – substitutes whole image) 3. Metaphor (these two pictures are very similar to each other, this picture is signifier for two signified – real person and hero in the game and they have much common) 4. Metaphor (the same) 5. Irony (the signifier refers to the opposite object, binary opposition: slim – over-weight) 6. Irony (the same, binary opposition: strong – weak) 7. Metaphor (signified have very similar features except the hair’s colour) 8. Irony (the same as in the 6th one) 9. Metonymy (one element – pose – refers to the whole image) 10. Metonymy (one element – pose – refers to the whole image) 11. Metaphor (characters in the pictures have the same relationships, they stay in the same position) 12. Irony (the opposite signified, binary opposition: slim – over-weight) 13. Metaphor (the same as in the 11th one) 14. Metaphor (two signified have the common feature – facial form) / irony (binary opposition: man – woman) 15. Metonymy (one feature of signified – hair style – refers to the whole image) 16. Metaphor (signified are very similar to each other, only there is a space between two characters in the avatar)
 * 1. Irony
 * 2. Metonymy
 * 3. Metaphor
 * 4. Metaphor
 * 5. Irony
 * 6. Metaphor
 * 7. Metaphor
 * 8. Metaphor
 * 9. Metonymy
 * 10. Metaphor
 * 11. Metonymy
 * 12. Synecdoche
 * 13. Irony
 * 14. Metaphor
 * 15. Irony
 * 16. Metaphor
 * 17. Metaphor, Synecdoche.

__by Tatyana Zlobina__
 * 1) Irony (binary opposition: dark man – blond woman)
 * 2) Metonymy (indexical relations: black skin and dark clothes)
 * 3) Metaphor (ontological metaphor, these pictures are very similar in poses, clothes, appearance)
 * 4) Metaphor (ontological metaphor, these pictures are very similar in clothes, hairstyle)
 * 5) Irony (opposition: dark thick boy and thin muscular blond man)
 * 6) Metaphor (similar pose, emotions)
 * 7) Metaphor (similar pose, facial expression)
 * 8) Metaphor (similarity in equipment)
 * 9) Metonymy (indexical relations: pose)
 * 10) Metonymy (indexical relations: pose)
 * 11) Metaphor (relation to spatial organization and association with characters)
 * 12) Irony (opposition: a thick married woman-a thin single young woman)
 * 13) Metaphor (similar clothes, pose)
 * 14) Irony (opposition: a white woman-a black man)
 * 15) Irony (opposition: a woman-a man)
 * 16) Metaphor (relation to spatial organization and association with characters